H7CTF International 2024 writeups
Introduction
Recently, I participated in the H7CTF International with ransoware, placing 14th out of 527 teams. Here are the writeups for some of the challenges that I solved during the CTF.
Web
No Paste
Description
“If you spend too much time thinking about a thing, you’ll never get it done. Paste it up, cut it out, and just do it” — Unknown
In this challenge, we have a webpage with an input box that is disabled (it stops the user from writing anything in it) and a submit button. If we click the submit button we get a message saying Invalid input!, so we need to find a way to bypass this restriction and send a valid input. Using the browser devtools, it is possible to see the requests made by the application.
Challenge webpage and devtools network activity
When we click the Submit button, a POST request is sent to /submit?input= (which is empty because the input box is also empty). The application also requests a script.js file that might be worth to analyze. After beautifying the content of script.js using beautifier.io, we are left with the following javascript code:
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const _0x704f72 = _0x1bd5;
function _0x1bd5(_0x2047f9, _0x357546) {
const _0xe16b22 = _0xe16b();
return _0x1bd5 = function(_0x1bd527, _0x485649) {
_0x1bd527 = _0x1bd527 - 0xc4;
let _0x5b1899 = _0xe16b22[_0x1bd527];
return _0x5b1899;
}, _0x1bd5(_0x2047f9, _0x357546);
}
function _0xe16b() {
const _0x4c3e23 = ['1324128AFJEVv', '7068GqiGjD', 'challengeInput', '2125DmXkHA', 'result', 'textContent', 'value', 'POST', '5588288xDHxaF', 'bypass123', 'then', 'addEventListener', 'getElementById', '/submit?input=', 'Flag:\x20', 'error', '1026jodAtA', '393500Fwnrwo', 'paste', '793504lbHmgC', '32613VrGzuS', 'flag', '801iQqFPw', 'success', 'keydown', '965970xJmNwA'];
_0xe16b = function() {
return _0x4c3e23;
};
return _0xe16b();
}(function(_0x12ee8f, _0x15ae77) {
const _0x1e8539 = _0x1bd5,
_0x29eb23 = _0x12ee8f();
while (!![]) {
try {
const _0x122b1f = -parseInt(_0x1e8539(0xc7)) / 0x1 + -parseInt(_0x1e8539(0xcd)) / 0x2 + parseInt(_0x1e8539(0xce)) / 0x3 + parseInt(_0x1e8539(0xcf)) / 0x4 * (-parseInt(_0x1e8539(0xd1)) / 0x5) + parseInt(_0x1e8539(0xc4)) / 0x6 * (-parseInt(_0x1e8539(0xc8)) / 0x7) + -parseInt(_0x1e8539(0xd6)) / 0x8 + parseInt(_0x1e8539(0xca)) / 0x9 * (parseInt(_0x1e8539(0xc5)) / 0xa);
if (_0x122b1f === _0x15ae77) break;
else _0x29eb23['push'](_0x29eb23['shift']());
} catch (_0x4a7e8a) {
_0x29eb23['push'](_0x29eb23['shift']());
}
}
}(_0xe16b, 0x66be5));
function submitInput() {
const _0x138950 = _0x1bd5,
_0x2f7956 = document['getElementById'](_0x138950(0xd0))[_0x138950(0xd4)],
_0x52b4bc = _0x138950(0xd7);
fetch(_0x138950(0xdb) + encodeURIComponent(_0x2f7956), {
'method': _0x138950(0xd5)
})[_0x138950(0xd8)](_0x101da1 => _0x101da1['json']())[_0x138950(0xd8)](_0x5c2193 => {
const _0x239188 = _0x138950,
_0xae2c45 = document[_0x239188(0xda)](_0x239188(0xd2));
_0x5c2193[_0x239188(0xcb)] ? _0xae2c45[_0x239188(0xd3)] = _0x239188(0xdc) + _0x5c2193[_0x239188(0xc9)] : _0xae2c45[_0x239188(0xd3)] = _0x5c2193['message'];
})['catch'](_0x3c7f8d => {
const _0x84ca33 = _0x138950;
console[_0x84ca33(0xdd)]('Error:', _0x3c7f8d);
});
}
document['getElementById'](_0x704f72(0xd0))[_0x704f72(0xd9)](_0x704f72(0xc6), _0x2860a8 => _0x2860a8['preventDefault']()), document[_0x704f72(0xda)](_0x704f72(0xd0))[_0x704f72(0xd9)](_0x704f72(0xcc), _0x357fbf => _0x357fbf['preventDefault']());
Because the javascript code is clearly obfuscated, it is difficult to make sense of what it does. Despite that, variable _0x4c3e23 in the function _0xe16b() stands out because it has multiple strings that look interesting. Since this is not a reverse engineering challenge, deobfuscating the js code is probably not too difficult so I searched and experimented a few online javascript deobfuscators. deobfuscate.relative.im gave a clean output.
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function submitInput() {
const _0x2f7956 = document.getElementById('challengeInput').value,
_0x52b4bc = 'bypass123'
fetch('/submit?input=' + encodeURIComponent(_0x2f7956), { method: 'POST' })
.then((_0x101da1) => _0x101da1.json())
.then((_0x5c2193) => {
const _0xae2c45 = document.getElementById('result')
_0x5c2193.success
? (_0xae2c45.textContent = 'Flag: ' + _0x5c2193.flag)
: (_0xae2c45.textContent = _0x5c2193.message)
})
.catch((_0x3c7f8d) => {
console.error('Error:', _0x3c7f8d)
})
}
document
.getElementById('challengeInput')
.addEventListener('paste', (_0x2860a8) => _0x2860a8.preventDefault())
document
.getElementById('challengeInput')
.addEventListener('keydown', (_0x357fbf) => _0x357fbf.preventDefault())
Now that the code is easier to understand, to bypass the restriction we need to send a POST request to /submit?input=, providing bypass123 as the input value, which will give us the flag.
Retrieving the flag
Flag: H7CTF{h@ck_th3_sy$t3m}
Code Breaker
Description
Leaked creds in hand: { ‘user1’: ‘password1’, ‘user2’: ‘password2’, ‘user3’: ‘password3’ } But the Admin panel remains out of reach. “A higher access level requires a sharper mind.”
After accessing the challenge URL we are presented with the following login page.
login page
From the challenge description, we can predict that we need to find a way to reach the admin panel. The challenge description also gave us credentials to access a few user accounts, so we can go through all them to see if we can collect some useful information. After exploring the 3 users accounts, none of them contained useful information after the authentication in their panels (they were all identical to the image below). Since there is not any interesting functionality inside the authenticated panels to test, we started to look into how the sessions were established. Let’s check cookies.
user1 authenticated page
The cookie looks like a base64 encoded string. Taking the user1 cookie and trying to decode it, we confirm that it is indeed base64 encoded.
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$ echo dXNlcjEyNjg= | base64 -d
user1268
By decoding other cookies we noticed that the cookie values follows a pattern. It is constructed with the username concatenated with 3 random numbers, and then base64 encoded. From this info we could probably attempt to get the admin cookie by assuming the username is admin and bruteforce the last 3 characters. However, after setting the cookie as a non base64 encoded value, we crashed the application.
crashing the application
The crash revealed some sensitive server side code that we could leverage to login as admin. As we can see in the image above, the application checks if the decoded cookie value equals admin9876543 and, if this condition is true, we should have privileged access to the admin panel. So let’s base64 encode the value admin9876543, set it as our cookie and hopefully we get access the /admin endpoint and find the flag.
/admin endpoint with the flag
Flag: H7CTF{cr4ck_d_c00k13_b64dEc0de}
Paper Chase
Description
I fixed the leaks! Think you can outsmart the new defenses? Give it another shot!
The web application for this challenge is a newspaper viewer where the newspapers html are embedded in an iframe. We also have 2 buttons to see the previous or next newspaper.
web application main page
Since there are not another interesting functionalities to test, we looked into the webpage source and discovered that we can control the file parameter value of the endpoint view.php?file=.
web application source
Since the application allow us control the file parameter, it can potentially be vulnerable to path traversal. So we tried some classic ../ payloads variations in an attempt to leak some sensitive files stored outside the web root folder and reaching the one that contains the flag. However, we quickly noticed that the application was filtering .., substituting it for #. One way to bypass the filtering is using the file:// URI scheme, which allowed to successfully view the contents of /etc/passwd file with /view.php?file=file:///etc/passwd and get the flag to solve the challenge.
Leaking the flag
Flag: H7CTF{L0c4l_F1l3_1nclusi0n_4t_R3qU1r3}
Reversing
Bitwise Mystery
Description
This challenge obscures the flag using a combination of bit shifts and character manipulation. Discover how the paired characters are transformed and recover the hidden message!
To solve this challenge we have 2 files. A compiled bytecode file chall3.pyc and a text file out3.txt.
First, we have to get the python3 source code from chall3.pyc. For this task, we used the online PyLingual Python Decompiler, which gave us the following python code:
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flag = 'REDACTED'
n = flag
c = int(input('Enter a number: '))
if len(n) % 2:
n += '*'
m = []
for i in range(0, len(n), 2):
a, b = (ord(n[i]), ord(n[i + 1]))
m.append((a << c) + b)
print(m)
The out.txt file provided for the challenge contained the flag format and the output generated by the program (variable m list).
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#flag format : H7CTF{}
[322523242873603806320271688401855976049516951601789533025598430538786029449943176134846359031111424671799, 300125795451825764214697265596171533268300496629443037676598539529148110738141566681037584098395353514068, 313564263904892589478041919279582198937030369612850934885998474134930861965222532353322849058024996208763, 232933453186491637897973997179118204924651131712403551629598866500234354602736738319611259300247140040806, 223974474217780421055744228056844427812164549723464953489998910096379187118016094538087749327160711577697, 215015495249069204213514458934570650699677967734526355350398953692524019633295450756564239354074283114550, 443469458951205233690373571552551967068085808452460607910197841990830790493671867185413743667778208923745, 215015495249069204213514458934570650699677967734526355350398953692524019633295450756564239354074283114595, 219494984733424812634629343495707539255921258728995654420198931894451603375655772647325994340617497346149, 246371921639558463161318650862528870593381004695811448838998801106017105829817703991896524259876782735457, 237412942670847246319088881740255093480894422706872850699398844702161938345097060210373014286790354272312, 232933453186491637897973997179118204924651131712403551629598866500234354602736738319611259300247140040806, 246371921639558463161318650862528870593381004695811448838998801106017105829817703991896524259876782735458, 241892432155202854740203766301391982037137713701342149769198822904089522087457382101134769273333568503908, 456907927404272058953718225235962632736815681435868505119597776596613541720752832857699008627407851618352, 215015495249069204213514458934570650699677967734526355350398953692524019633295450756564239354074283114550, 250851411123914071582433535423665759149624295690280747908798779307944689572178025882658279246419996966964, 438989969466849625269258686991415078511842517457991308840397863788903206751311545294651988681234994692194, 255330900608269680003548419984802647705867586684750046978598757509872273314538347773420034232963211198513, 559936185544451052639360570142111069530411374308662383724997275240947967795040236345219373317901778944042]
Having m, we can bruteforce the input number used c and then apply the reverse operations till the we have an output that starts with the flag prefix H7CTF{. The script below, got us the flag.
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m = [322523242873603806320271688401855976049516951601789533025598430538786029449943176134846359031111424671799, 300125795451825764214697265596171533268300496629443037676598539529148110738141566681037584098395353514068, 313564263904892589478041919279582198937030369612850934885998474134930861965222532353322849058024996208763, 232933453186491637897973997179118204924651131712403551629598866500234354602736738319611259300247140040806, 223974474217780421055744228056844427812164549723464953489998910096379187118016094538087749327160711577697, 215015495249069204213514458934570650699677967734526355350398953692524019633295450756564239354074283114550, 443469458951205233690373571552551967068085808452460607910197841990830790493671867185413743667778208923745, 215015495249069204213514458934570650699677967734526355350398953692524019633295450756564239354074283114595, 219494984733424812634629343495707539255921258728995654420198931894451603375655772647325994340617497346149, 246371921639558463161318650862528870593381004695811448838998801106017105829817703991896524259876782735457, 237412942670847246319088881740255093480894422706872850699398844702161938345097060210373014286790354272312, 232933453186491637897973997179118204924651131712403551629598866500234354602736738319611259300247140040806, 246371921639558463161318650862528870593381004695811448838998801106017105829817703991896524259876782735458, 241892432155202854740203766301391982037137713701342149769198822904089522087457382101134769273333568503908, 456907927404272058953718225235962632736815681435868505119597776596613541720752832857699008627407851618352, 215015495249069204213514458934570650699677967734526355350398953692524019633295450756564239354074283114550, 250851411123914071582433535423665759149624295690280747908798779307944689572178025882658279246419996966964, 438989969466849625269258686991415078511842517457991308840397863788903206751311545294651988681234994692194, 255330900608269680003548419984802647705867586684750046978598757509872273314538347773420034232963211198513, 559936185544451052639360570142111069530411374308662383724997275240947967795040236345219373317901778944042]
def recover_flag(m):
for c in range(1337):
flag = ''
try:
for num in m:
a = num >> c
b = num - (a << c)
flag += chr(a) + chr(b)
if flag[-1] == '*':
flag = flag[:-1]
if flag.startswith('H7CTF{'):
return flag
except:
continue
return 'Flag not found'
flag = recover_flag(m)
print(flag)
Flag: H7CTF{4f2a06ca0c1e7a584f7b6df00684bb91}
Eich
Description
“Technology is only as good as the people behind it” - Brendan Eich
For this challenge, we have 2 files to work with: a file named trap which is encrypted and a file called shutthefrontdoor.
The shutthefrontdoor file is valid javascript but JSFuck encoded. JSFuck is an esoteric and educational programming style based on the atomic parts of JavaScript. It uses only six different characters to write and execute code. The JSFuck code is:
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With the help of JSfuck Decoder, and beautifier.io, we ended up with a much more readable javascript code.
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function A(D, length) {
let key = '';
for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
key += D.charAt(i % D.length);
}
return key;
}
function B(F, D) {
let key = A(D, F.length);
let G = '';
for (let i = 0; i < F.length; i++) {
let charCode = F.charCodeAt(i);
let keyCode = key.charCodeAt(i);
let GChar = String.fromCharCode(charCode ^ keyCode);
G += GChar;
}
return G;
}
const fs = require('fs');
let C = fs.readFileSync('C.txt', 'utf8');
let D = "6aef677b2c8b645384e713aece4322b045a79f48";
let E = B(C, D);
console.log("Reward: ", E); // b3BlbnlvdXJleWVzYW5kbG9va2F0dGhlbWtleXNwcm9wZXJseQ==
At the end of the script, encoded comment. It looks like base64 so let’s decode it.
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$ echo b3BlbnlvdXJleWVzYW5kbG9va2F0dGhlbWtleXNwcm9wZXJseQ== | base64 -d
openyoureyesandlookatthemkeysproperly
The comment hints to carefully look into the keys used to perform the encryption and decryption. The first thing we tried was using the variable D value 6aef677b2c8b645384e713aece4322b045a79f48 as the key to decrypt the trap file contents. After a few failed attempts, we finally realized that the D variable value was actually a sha1 hash that we needed to crack in order to retrieve the real key. Let’s use crackstation to crack the key.
After successfully cracking the sha1, we obtained the real key whatthehelldoyouthinkyouaredoing. We can now get the flag by XORing the trap file contents with the cracked key using the python script below.
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enc = open('trap', 'rb').read()
key = b'whatthehelldoyouthinkyouaredoing' # plaintext key
from pwn import xor
dec = xor(enc, key)
print(dec.decode())
Flag: H7CTF{wh@_1N_7h3!r_r1gh7_m1nd_r@v3r$es_j@v4$scr!pt_L0LL!}
Scrambled Pathways
Description
In this challenge, characters follow a hidden pattern as they traverse columns. Figure out how to untangle the message and reveal the flag!
This challenge provided 2 files to solve it, a binary file chall1 and a text file out1.txt.
First, we opened the binary in Ghidra to have a look at the decompiled code. It was a C program that basically performs some transformations to the original flag and outputs the shuffled flag.
The text file contained the output value of the shuffled flag characters.
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HT859092947c87F4cff7727181C{872a2ba640}
From the output above, we recovered the original input (Flag) with the following python script:
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def reverse_transformation(output):
part_len = (len(output) + 2) // 3
part1 = output[:part_len]
part2 = output[part_len:2 * part_len]
part3 = output[2 * part_len:]
input = []
for i in range(part_len):
if i < len(part1):
input.append(part1[i])
if i < len(part2):
input.append(part2[i])
if i < len(part3):
input.append(part3[i])
return ''.join(input)
out = "HT859092947c87F4cff7727181C{872a2ba640}"
print(reverse_transformation(out))
Flag: H7CTF{8485c79f20fa97227b92a476714c8081}
Final remarks
Overall it was a fun CTF, with interesting challenges and most importantly we learned and discovered new things. The Boot2Root category was really enjoyable and it was nice to practice some pentest/HTB type of challenges that do not appear often in jeopardy CTFs. Only thing I didn’t really like was challenges releasing randomly and in several waves with some challenges dropping just a few hours before the end of the competition.
Also, for the top 15 finish we received a certificate of excellence which looks pretty nice. 😛
This post is licensed under CC BY 4.0 by the author.